This is a Op Amp, which can be used for numerous of applications such as a comparator or a amplifier.

Boost converters are modules (or circuits) that increase the voltage from the input to its output.

Voltage regulators are components that convert the high voltage to a lower voltage.

Capacitors are components that charge and discharges within a circuit, which is useful for smoothing applications

Diodes are components that allow current to flow only in one direction & they also act as an rectifier to convert AC to DC

Resistors are components that limit (or resist) the current of the circuit, or to act as an "pull up" or "pull down" for any circuit.